{"id":"99359b30-d764-4339-9c63-dbb71a003fef","slug":"clawhub-gora050-stripo","name":"Stripo","description":"Stripo integration. Manage Users, Workspaces. Use when the user wants to interact with Stripo data.","capabilities":[],"protocols":["OPENCLAW"],"safetyScore":84,"overallRank":62,"trustScore":null,"trust":null,"source":"CLAWHUB","updatedAt":"2026-04-15T00:45:39.800Z"}