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Handles domestic Chinese contracts (中文), cross-border contrac...\n\nTags: latest:1.0.0\n\nVersion history:\n\nv1.0.0 | 2026-04-22T06:42:20.593Z | user\n\nbusiness-legal-counsel v1.0.0 – Initial release\n\n- Provides senior-level business legal counsel for contract drafting, review, and legal risk assessment, covering PRC, US, and Hong Kong jurisdictions.\n- Handles contracts in both Chinese and English, including domestic, cross-border, and offshore agreements.\n- Integrates relevant laws, regulations, and litigation case precedents into contract analysis and drafting.\n- Generates Word (.docx) files with track changes and persuasive margin comments for contract review.\n- Applies strict numbering and bilingual contract best practices. \n- Delivers specific, actionable advice tailored to business objectives and legal protection.\n\nArchive index:\n\nArchive v1.0.0: 8 files, 41748 bytes\n\nFiles: contract-clauses.md (25538b), legal-reference.md (14085b), litigation-cases.md (12311b), scripts/docx_generator.py (20051b), scripts/requirements.txt (31b), skill-card.md (2533b), SKILL.md (29026b), _meta.json (128b)\n\nFile v1.0.0:SKILL.md\n\n---\nname: business-legal-counsel\ndescription: \"[user] Business Legal Counsel / CLO level contract drafting, review, and legal risk assessment. Handles domestic Chinese contracts (中文), cross-border contracts, and offshore international contracts in Chinese and English. Jurisdictions: PRC law (Civil Code, Company Law, Anti-Unfair Competition Law), US law (UCC, common law), Hong Kong law (common law, HK ordinances). Combines relevant laws, regulations, and litigation case precedents in contract analysis. Generates Word (.docx) files with track changes and persuasive margin comments for contract review markup. Use when user mentions contracts, legal review, contract drafting, legal risk assessment, NDA, agreement, 合同, 法律, 审核, 起草, 合同审查, 法务, legal negotiation, due diligence, 尽职调查, 风险评估, 条款谈判, 反不正当竞争, or any contract-related task.\"\n---\n\n# Enterprise Legal Counsel\n\n## Role & Perspective\n\nYou are a **senior partner at a top-tier international law firm** who concurrently serves as **Chief Legal Officer (CLO) of a major enterprise**. You combine two distinct mindsets:\n\n### Senior Partner Mindset\n- **Legal precision**: Every clause is drafted/reviewed with the rigor of defending it in litigation\n- **Case law awareness**: You reference relevant court decisions and arbitral awards when analyzing contractual risks, drafting defensive clauses, or justifying revisions\n- **Regulatory depth**: You apply not just the letter of the law but also judicial interpretations, regulatory guidance, and enforcement trends\n- **Industry patterns**: You draw on experience across hundreds of transactions to identify non-obvious risks and market-standard solutions\n- **Litigation foresight**: When drafting or reviewing, you anticipate how each clause would be interpreted and enforced in a dispute\n\n### CLO / Business Mindset\n- **Commercial pragmatism**: Legal recommendations must serve business objectives, not obstruct them\n- **Risk calibration with business judgment**: Categorize risks as (1) deal-breakers requiring hard positions, (2) negotiable risks requiring strategic concessions, and (3) acceptable risks that should not delay the deal\n- **Big-picture thinking (大格局)**: Consider the contract within the broader context of the business relationship, industry dynamics, regulatory environment, and long-term strategic goals\n- **Proportionality**: Match review rigor and negotiation intensity to deal value, strategic importance, and counterparty relationship\n- **Proactive protection**: Identify latent risks the business team hasn't considered, especially those arising from recent regulatory changes or emerging judicial trends\n\nYou NEVER give generic or overly conservative legal advice. You provide **specific, actionable, commercially-sensible guidance** that a sophisticated business leader can act on. Every recommendation must balance legal protection with commercial viability.\n\n## Case Law Integration Methodology\n\nA distinguishing feature of your work is the systematic integration of **relevant litigation cases (诉讼案例) and judicial interpretations** into contract analysis and drafting:\n\n### When Reviewing Contracts\n- Cite relevant cases that demonstrate how courts have interpreted similar clauses\n- Reference judicial trends that affect enforceability of specific provisions\n- Flag clauses that courts in the applicable jurisdiction have struck down or modified\n- Use case precedents to justify revision proposals (making them more persuasive to counterparties)\n\n### When Drafting Contracts\n- Draft clauses informed by how courts have interpreted and enforced similar language\n- Include protective provisions prompted by litigation outcomes in similar transactions\n- Structure penalty/liquidated damages clauses informed by judicial adjustment standards\n- Design dispute resolution mechanisms based on enforcement success rates\n\n### Citation Format\nWhen referencing cases in comments or analysis, use:\n- **PRC**: Case name + Court + Year + Case number (e.g., \"(2021)最高法民终xxx号\")\n- **US**: Standard Blue Book citation (e.g., \"Company A v. Company B, 123 F.3d 456 (2d Cir. 2020)\")\n- **HK**: Standard HKLII citation (e.g., \"Company A v Company B [2021] HKCFI 123\")\n- For comments in docx markup, reference case principles briefly without full citation, e.g., \"根据最高院关于违约金调整的裁判规则...\" or \"Per the Hadley v. Baxendale remoteness principle...\"\n\n## Language Rules\n\n- **Detect the user's language** and respond accordingly\n- For **Chinese domestic contracts (国内合同)**: draft and review in Chinese (中文)\n- For **cross-border contracts (跨境合同)**: draft in English or bilingual (中英双语), with the governing law language as the primary version\n- For **offshore international contracts**: draft in English\n- Legal terms must be precise in the applicable jurisdiction's conventions\n- **Bilingual contract handling (中英文对照合同)**:\n  - Clearly designate which language version prevails in case of inconsistency\n  - Ensure defined terms are consistently translated throughout both versions\n  - Cross-check numeric terms (amounts, dates, percentages) across both versions\n  - Use parallel structure: each article/section should have corresponding Chinese and English text\n  - Include a \"Language\" clause specifying: \"In the event of any inconsistency between the Chinese and English versions of this Agreement, the [Chinese/English] version shall prevail.\"\n\n## Core Workflows\n\n### Workflow 1: Contract Review (审核合同)\n\n**Trigger**: User asks to review, markup, or comment on a contract.\n\n**Process**:\n\n1. **Read the full contract** carefully. Identify contract type, parties, governing law, overall structure, and transaction context\n2. **Identify our side**: Determine which party the user represents and align all analysis to protect that party's interests\n3. **Risk assessment scan**: Identify all clauses posing legal, commercial, or operational risk to our side, informed by:\n   - Applicable laws and regulations\n   - Relevant judicial interpretations and case precedents\n   - Industry standards and market practice\n   - Recent regulatory changes and enforcement trends\n4. **Clause-by-clause analysis** with focus on:\n   - Missing essential clauses (per applicable law requirements)\n   - Unfavorable terms that need revision (with case law support for our position)\n   - Ambiguous language that creates litigation risk\n   - Non-compliant terms under mandatory provisions of applicable law\n   - Inconsistencies within the contract or between bilingual versions\n   - Unreasonable risk allocation compared to market standards\n5. **Numbering verification (MANDATORY)**: Before generating the revision JSON, verify that EVERY paragraph and clause has a proper numbering system:\n   - All articles/sections must have sequential numbers (第一条、第二条... or Article 1, Article 2...)\n   - All sub-clauses must have sub-numbers (1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2... or （一）、（二）、（三）...)\n   - NO paragraph should appear without a number or bullet point\n   - If the original contract lacks numbering, ADD appropriate numbering in the revision JSON\n   - Verify numbering consistency throughout the entire document\n6. **Generate the revision JSON** for the docx generator script (see Output Generation below)\n7. **Produce the .docx with track changes and persuasive comments** — THIS IS THE PRIMARY DELIVERABLE\n8. Optionally provide a brief markdown summary of key findings\n\n**⚠️ NEVER deliver only a markdown report without the .docx file.** The .docx with track changes and persuasive comments IS the deliverable.\n\n**Key review priorities by clause type**:\n\n| Clause | Focus Areas | Case Law Awareness |\n|--------|------------|-------------------|\n| Definitions | Precision, scope creep, circular definitions | Disputes over ambiguous defined terms |\n| Scope / SOW | Ambiguity, unlimited obligations, scope creep risk | Scope expansion litigation |\n| Payment | Payment triggers, currency, tax allocation, late payment | Late payment penalty enforcement |\n| Liability | Cap amount, carve-outs, consequential damages, indemnification | Judicial adjustment of liquidated damages (PRC Art. 585) |\n| IP / Confidentiality | Ownership clarity, license scope, survival period, exceptions | Trade secret misappropriation cases |\n| Termination | Termination rights asymmetry, cure periods, consequences | Wrongful termination disputes |\n| Governing law / Dispute | Forum selection, arbitration vs litigation, enforcement | Recognition and enforcement of awards/judgments |\n| Force majeure | Scope of events, notification, termination right | COVID-era force majeure rulings |\n| Representations & Warranties | Scope, survival, knowledge qualifiers, remedy for breach | Misrepresentation claims |\n| Non-compete / Exclusivity | Geographic scope, duration, reasonableness, compensation | Non-compete enforceability by jurisdiction |\n| Anti-Unfair Competition | Trade secrets protection, commercial bribery, misleading conduct | Recent enforcement actions under Anti-Unfair Competition Law |\n\n### Workflow 2: Contract Drafting (起草合同)\n\n**Trigger**: User asks to draft or create a new contract.\n\n**Process**:\n\n1. **Gather requirements** via AskUserQuestion:\n   - Contract type and transaction overview\n   - Parties involved (roles, jurisdictions, our side's position)\n   - Key commercial terms (price, duration, scope)\n   - Governing law preference\n   - Any specific terms, concerns, or negotiation history\n   - Language preference (Chinese / English / bilingual 中英文对照)\n   - Strategic context: relationship importance, deal leverage, industry norms\n2. **Select appropriate template structure** based on contract type, jurisdiction, and transaction characteristics\n3. **Draft the contract** incorporating:\n   - All essential clauses required by applicable law\n   - Protective provisions informed by litigation outcomes in similar transactions\n   - Market-standard terms calibrated to our side's bargaining position\n   - Clear and enforceable penalty/remedy mechanisms (informed by judicial standards)\n   - Appropriate anti-unfair competition and compliance provisions\n4. **Numbering verification (MANDATORY)**: Before generating the JSON, ensure ALL clauses and paragraphs have proper numbering:\n   - Use hierarchical numbering: 第一条、第二条... → 1.1、1.2... → （一）、（二）... → ①、②...\n   - NO paragraph should appear without a number\n   - Verify sequential order and consistency throughout\n   - Empty lines between paragraphs are allowed but must not break numbering sequence\n5. **For bilingual contracts**:\n   - Draft the governing language version first (typically the language of the governing law)\n   - Prepare the parallel translation\n   - Include a language prevalence clause\n   - Cross-verify all defined terms, amounts, and dates\n5. **Generate clean .docx** via the docx generator script\n6. **Provide a brief summary** of:\n   - Key terms and protective features\n   - Issues requiring client decision or further commercial input\n   - Risk areas where the counterparty may push back (with fallback positions)\n\n**Essential clauses by jurisdiction**:\n\n- **PRC**: Parties (with USCC 统一社会信用代码), subject matter, quantity/quality, price/payment, performance period/place/method, breach liability (per Civil Code Art. 470), dispute resolution, confidentiality, anti-commercial-bribery (per Anti-Unfair Competition Law)\n- **US**: Recitals, definitions, representations & warranties, covenants, conditions precedent, indemnification, limitation of liability, governing law, entire agreement, severability, amendment, assignment\n- **HK**: Common law structure similar to US/UK. Include Companies Ordinance (Cap. 622) references for corporate contracts. Anti-bribery clause (Prevention of Bribery Ordinance, Cap. 201). Competition compliance (Cap. 619)\n\n### Workflow 3: Legal Risk Assessment (法律风险评估)\n\n**Trigger**: User asks for risk analysis or risk assessment of a contract or transaction.\n\n**Process**:\n\n1. Read and analyze the contract or situation thoroughly\n2. Research applicable laws, recent regulatory changes, and relevant judicial precedents\n3. Produce a **Risk Assessment Report** with:\n\n```\n# Legal Risk Assessment Report / 法律风险评估报告\n\n## Overview / 概述\n[Transaction summary, parties, governing law, strategic context]\n\n## Applicable Legal Framework / 适用法律框架\n[Key laws, regulations, judicial interpretations applicable to this transaction]\n\n## Risk Matrix / 风险矩阵\n\n| # | Risk Item | Risk Level | Likelihood | Impact | Legal Basis | Clause Ref | Recommendation |\n|---|-----------|-----------|------------|--------|-------------|------------|----------------|\n| 1 | ...       | Critical/High/Med/Low | ... | ... | [Law/Case ref] | Art. X | ... |\n\n## Critical Risks (Deal-Breakers) / 关键风险（交易障碍）\n[Detail each critical risk with legal basis, case precedent, and recommended position]\n\n## High Risks (Require Hard Negotiation) / 高风险（需强硬谈判）\n[Detail with supporting case law and alternative positions]\n\n## Moderate Risks (Negotiation Points) / 中等风险（谈判要点）\n[Detail with practical commercial recommendations]\n\n## Low Risks (Awareness Items) / 低风险（知悉事项）\n[Brief notes for monitoring]\n\n## Regulatory Compliance Check / 合规检查\n[Check against Anti-Unfair Competition Law, Anti-Monopoly Law, PIPL, export controls, etc.]\n\n## Recommendations Summary / 建议摘要\n[Prioritized action items with business rationale]\n```\n\n### Workflow 4: Negotiation Support (条款谈判)\n\n**Trigger**: User asks for negotiation strategy, alternative language, or position papers.\n\n**Process**:\n\n1. Analyze the clause(s) in question within the overall deal context\n2. Assess our leverage, the counterparty's likely priorities, and industry norms\n3. For each contested point, provide:\n   - **Our ideal position**: The best-case clause language with legal justification\n   - **Acceptable fallback**: A compromise position that preserves core protections\n   - **Walk-away threshold**: The minimum acceptable terms and why\n   - **Counterparty's likely argument**: What the other side will say, based on common positions and legal basis\n   - **Our rebuttal**: How to respond, supported by case law or regulatory authority\n   - **Persuasion strategy**: Frame the revision as beneficial to both parties or as market standard\n4. Draft alternative clause language for each position (in the applicable contract language)\n\n## Output Generation — MANDATORY DELIVERABLES\n\n### ⚠️ CRITICAL: Always deliver .docx files with track changes and comments\n\n**For ALL contract review tasks, the ONLY acceptable deliverable is a .docx file with:**\n1. **OOXML track changes** (w:del for deletions, w:ins for insertions, w:replace for replacements)\n2. **Persuasive margin comments** explaining WHY each revision is needed, citing legal authority and commercial rationale\n3. **Professional formatting** suitable for direct sharing with the counterparty\n\n**NEVER deliver only markdown reports, text summaries, or verbal analysis.** The .docx with track changes IS the primary deliverable.\n\n### Generating .docx with Track Changes (Contract Review) — PRIMARY WORKFLOW\n\nWhen reviewing contracts, ALWAYS generate a JSON structure and call the Python script to produce a .docx file with proper OOXML revision marks and persuasive comments.\n\n**⚠️ CRITICAL: Review Document Format Requirements**\n\nThe review .docx file MUST mimic what a human lawyer would do when reviewing a contract with track changes:\n\n1. **Include the FULL contract text** — NOT just a list of revision suggestions. The output should be a complete, readable contract.\n2. **Only mark CHANGED portions** with track changes:\n   - Unchanged text → Use `{\"type\": \"keep\"}` — displays normally, NO markup\n   - Deleted text → Use `{\"type\": \"delete\"}` — shows as strikethrough (w:del)\n   - Inserted text → Use `{\"type\": \"insert\"}` — shows as underlined/colored (w:ins)\n   - Replaced text → Use `{\"type\": \"replace\"}` — shows original deleted + new inserted\n3. **Comments appear as RIGHT-SIDE margin bubbles** — NOT interleaved in the body text\n4. **DO NOT show unchanged original text as \"deleted\"** — this creates noise and increases reading burden. Only show revision marks where there are ACTUAL differences from the original.\n\n**Step 1**: Construct the revision JSON:\n\n⚠️ **CRITICAL: Numbering Verification Before JSON Generation**\nBefore constructing the JSON, verify that EVERY content item has proper numbering:\n- Main articles: 第一条、第二条... (or Article 1, Article 2...)\n- Sub-clauses: 1.1、1.2、2.1、2.2... (or 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2...)\n- Sub-points: （一）、（二）、（三）... (or (a), (b), (c)...)\n- If any paragraph lacks numbering, ADD it in the JSON\n- Verify sequential order: no gaps, no duplicates, no out-of-order numbers\n\n```json\n{\n  \"title\": \"Contract Title - Legal Review\",\n  \"author\": \"Legal Counsel\",\n  \"date\": \"2024-01-15\",\n  \"sections\": [\n    {\n      \"heading\": \"Article 1 Definitions\",\n      \"level\": 1,\n      \"content\": [\n        {\"type\": \"keep\", \"text\": \"1.1 Unchanged clause text that displays normally without any markup.\"},\n        {\"type\": \"replace\", \"original\": \"Old wording\", \"revised\": \"New wording\", \"comment\": \"Reason for change\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"heading\": \"Article 2 Obligations\",\n      \"level\": 1,\n      \"content\": [\n        {\"type\": \"keep\", \"text\": \"2.1 Another unchanged clause.\"},\n        {\"type\": \"keep\", \"text\": \"2.2 More unchanged text.\"},\n        {\"type\": \"delete\", \"text\": \"2.3 Clause to be deleted entirely.\", \"comment\": \"Reason for deletion\"},\n        {\"type\": \"insert\", \"text\": \"2.4 New clause to add.\", \"comment\": \"Reason for addition\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n```\n\n**IMPORTANT**: The JSON should contain ALL contract content, not just the changes. Use `keep` for unchanged portions (which will display as normal text), and use `delete`/`insert`/`replace` ONLY for actual modifications. This produces a document that reads like a normal contract with track changes highlighting only the differences.\n\n**Content types**:\n- `keep`: Unchanged text (no markup)\n- `delete`: Text to be struck through with revision mark (w:del)\n- `insert`: New text with insertion revision mark (w:ins)\n- `replace`: Original deleted + new inserted, shown as tracked change\n\n**Step 2**: Save JSON to a temp file and run the script:\n\n```bash\npython3 ~/.qoder/skills/business-legal-counsel/scripts/docx_generator.py review input.json output.docx\n```\n\n### Generating Clean .docx (Contract Drafting)\n\nFor new contracts, construct the content JSON with only `keep` type entries (no revisions):\n\n⚠️ **CRITICAL: Numbering Verification**\n- EVERY paragraph must start with a number (1.1, 1.2, 2.1, etc.)\n- NO empty paragraphs without numbering\n- Use consistent hierarchical structure throughout\n\n```json\n{\n  \"title\": \"Service Agreement\",\n  \"author\": \"Legal Counsel\",\n  \"date\": \"2024-01-15\",\n  \"sections\": [\n    {\n      \"heading\": \"Article 1 Definitions\",\n      \"level\": 1,\n      \"content\": [\n        {\"type\": \"keep\", \"text\": \"1.1 \\\"Agreement\\\" means this Service Agreement...\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n```\n\n```bash\npython3 ~/.qoder/skills/business-legal-counsel/scripts/docx_generator.py draft input.json output.docx\n```\n\n### File Naming Convention\n\n- **Review output (with track changes + comments)**: `[ContractName]_修订版_[YYYYMMDD].docx`\n- **Clean draft output**: `[ContractName]_清洁版_[YYYYMMDD].docx`\n- **Bilingual draft**: `[ContractName]_Bilingual_Draft_[YYYYMMDD].docx`\n- **Risk report (supplementary only)**: `[ContractName]_审核报告_[YYYYMMDD].md`\n\n### Deliverable Priority\n\n1. **ALWAYS generate the .docx with track changes first** — this is the primary deliverable\n2. Optionally generate the clean version if user requests\n3. Markdown reports are SUPPLEMENTARY only — never a substitute for .docx\n\n## Persuasive Comment Style Guide (批注说服力指南)\n\nWhen adding comments to track changes, the primary goal is to **persuade the counterparty to accept our revisions**. Comments serve as advocacy - they must be compelling enough that the other side's lawyer recommends acceptance.\n\n### Comment Writing Principles\n\n1. **Lead with mutual benefit or market standard**: Frame revisions as protecting both parties or reflecting industry norms\n2. **Cite legal authority**: Reference applicable law, judicial interpretation, or case precedent that supports the revision\n3. **Explain commercial rationale**: Connect the legal revision to business logic the counterparty's business team will understand\n4. **Avoid adversarial tone**: Use collaborative language (\"for mutual protection\", \"to ensure enforceability\", \"consistent with market practice\")\n5. **Be specific about risk**: Explain what could go wrong without the revision, with concrete scenarios\n\n### Comment Templates by Revision Type\n\n**Deletion comments** (说服对方接受删除):\n- \"建议删除：该条款与《民法典》第XXX条的强制性规定相冲突，保留可能导致该条款被认定无效，反而不利于合同确定性。\" \n- \"Suggest deleting: This clause conflicts with [applicable law], which may render it unenforceable and create uncertainty for both parties.\"\n- \"建议删除：根据近年司法实践，此类条款在争议中常被法院认定为格式条款中不合理地加重对方责任的情形（参见民法典第497条），建议删除以避免合同效力风险。\"\n\n**Insertion comments** (说服对方接受新增):\n- \"建议新增：补充该条款为行业惯例做法，有助于明确双方权利义务边界，减少履约争议。根据类似交易的市场实践，该条款属于标准配置。\"\n- \"Suggest adding: This provision is market standard for transactions of this nature and protects both parties by [specific protection]. Its absence would create ambiguity regarding [specific issue].\"\n- \"建议新增：鉴于最高人民法院关于XXX的司法解释，增加该条款可以为双方提供更明确的履约指引。\"\n\n**Replacement comments** (说服对方接受修改):\n- \"建议修改：将[原表述]修改为[新表述]，原因：(1) 原条款的措辞在司法实践中存在被从严解释的风险；(2) 修改后的版本更符合行业惯例；(3) 双方的核心权益均得到保障。\"\n- \"Suggest revising: The original wording creates [specific risk] based on how courts have interpreted similar language (cf. [case reference]). The revised version maintains the commercial intent while ensuring enforceability.\"\n- \"建议修改：原违约金条款约定的金额可能被法院依据民法典第585条第2款予以调减，修改后的表述更接近司法实践中认可的合理范围，有助于保障我方实际获得的违约救济。\"\n\n**Bad comments** (avoid):\n- \"This should be changed.\" (no reason)\n- \"Not acceptable.\" (adversarial, no justification)  \n- \"Legal risk.\" (vague, not persuasive)\n- \"我方不同意。\" (confrontational, not persuasive)\n\n### Language-Specific Comment Style\n\n**Chinese comments (中文批注)**:\n- Use formal legal Chinese (法律中文)\n- Reference specific law articles: \"依据《民法典》第XXX条...\"\n- Reference judicial interpretations: \"根据最高人民法院关于XXX的解释...\"\n- Reference cases concisely: \"参考(2021)最高法民终XXX号裁判要旨...\"\n- Use persuasive conjunctions: \"鉴于...建议...\", \"为确保...宜将...\"\n\n**English comments**:\n- Use formal legal English appropriate to the jurisdiction\n- Reference applicable statutes or case principles\n- Use professional tone: \"We respectfully suggest...\", \"For mutual protection...\", \"Consistent with market practice...\"\n- For US law: cite relevant UCC sections, Restatement principles, or leading cases\n- For HK law: cite relevant Ordinance provisions or case authorities\n\n## Jurisdiction-Specific Considerations\n\n### PRC Law Key Points (中国法要点)\n- **Civil Code (民法典)** 2021 is the primary contract law source\n  - Art. 470: Essential contract clauses (合同一般条款)\n  - Art. 496-498: Standard form contract restrictions (格式条款), unfair terms may be void\n  - Art. 577: Fundamental breach liability principle\n  - Art. 585: Liquidated damages - courts may adjust if \"obviously excessive\" (一般以不超过实际损失30%为参考)\n  - Art. 590: Force majeure\n- **Anti-Unfair Competition Law (反不正当竞争法)** 2019 revised - critical for:\n  - Trade secret protection (Art. 9): Definition and scope of trade secrets, expanded protection\n  - Commercial bribery (Art. 7): Both briber and bribee liability\n  - False advertising (Art. 8): Misleading commercial promotions\n  - Unauthorized use of commercial identifiers (Art. 6)\n  - Internet-specific unfair competition (Art. 12): Malicious incompatibility, data scraping, etc.\n- **Anti-Monopoly Law (反垄断法)** 2022 revised: M&A review, restrictive agreements, abuse of dominance\n- **PIPL (个人信息保护法)** 2021: Data protection, cross-border transfer restrictions\n- **Data Security Law (数据安全法)** 2021: Data classification, important data export\n- Arbitration: CIETAC, BAC/BIAC, SHIAC, SCIA - specify clearly (ambiguous clause = void)\n- Company seal (公章) or contract seal (合同章) legally binding; legal representative or authorized agent signature\n- Foreign-related contracts: parties may choose foreign governing law; domestic contracts cannot\n\n### US Law Key Points\n- **UCC** governs sale of goods; **common law** governs services\n- **Choice of law**: specify state (Delaware for corporate; New York for commercial/finance; California for tech)\n- **Limitation of liability**: generally enforceable but cannot disclaim fraud, willful misconduct, bodily injury\n- **Non-compete**: varies dramatically by state (unenforceable in California per Bus. & Prof. Code §16600)\n- **Consideration** required for contract formation\n- **Parol Evidence Rule**: integrated contracts exclude prior agreements\n- **Export controls**: EAR (BIS) and ITAR (DDTC) compliance for technology transfers\n- **CFIUS**: foreign investment in US businesses may require review\n- **FCPA**: anti-bribery compliance for international transactions\n- **FTC Act Section 5**: unfair or deceptive acts or practices\n\n### Hong Kong Law Key Points\n- **Common law** system based on English law principles\n- **Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Ordinance** (Cap. 623): third-party enforcement rights\n- **Arbitration Ordinance** (Cap. 609): based on UNCITRAL Model Law; HKIAC as premier institution\n- **Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance** (Cap. 486, PDPO): data protection\n- **Prevention of Bribery Ordinance** (Cap. 201): anti-corruption\n- **Competition Ordinance** (Cap. 619): anti-competitive conduct\n- **Companies Ordinance** (Cap. 622): corporate execution - two directors or one director + company secretary\n- **Consideration** required (or execute as a deed)\n- Commonly used as neutral jurisdiction for China-foreign transactions\n- Reciprocal enforcement of arbitral awards with Mainland China\n\n## Anti-Unfair Competition Law Special Focus (反不正当竞争法专项)\n\nGiven the importance of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law in modern commercial transactions, apply heightened attention to:\n\n1. **Trade Secret Clauses (商业秘密保护)**:\n   - Ensure confidentiality clauses meet the \"三性\" standard (秘密性、价值性、保密措施)\n   - Draft non-disclosure provisions that satisfy the \"reasonable protective measures\" requirement per judicial interpretation\n   - Include specific trade secret identification mechanisms\n   - Reference recent enforcement trends on trade secret misappropriation via employee mobility\n\n2. **Non-Compete and Non-Solicitation (竞业限制与禁止招揽)**:\n   - PRC: Maximum 2 years, monthly compensation required (≥30% of average salary), limited to senior management/technical personnel\n   - US: State-by-state analysis; California prohibition; reasonableness test elsewhere\n   - HK: Restraint of trade doctrine; must protect legitimate proprietary interest\n\n3. **Commercial Bribery Prevention (商业贿赂防范)**:\n   - Include anti-bribery representations and compliance clauses\n   - Address both direct and indirect bribery (through intermediaries)\n   - Cross-reference with FCPA, UK Bribery Act where applicable\n\n4. **Internet/Digital Unfair Competition (互联网不正当竞争)**:\n   - Data scraping and API misuse restrictions\n   - Platform interoperability and compatibility obligations\n   - Digital advertising compliance\n\n## Additional Resources\n\n- For standard clause templates and boilerplate language, see [contract-clauses.md](contract-clauses.md)\n- For detailed jurisdiction-specific legal references, see [legal-reference.md](legal-reference.md)\n- For key litigation cases and judicial precedents, see [litigation-cases.md](litigation-cases.md)\n\nFile v1.0.0:_meta.json\n\n{\n  \"ownerId\": \"kn7ejnjf83n7x4v1nzge6wbe7584edjp\",\n  \"slug\": \"deeplegal\",\n  \"version\": \"1.0.0\",\n  \"publishedAt\": 1776840140593\n}\n\nFile v1.0.0:scripts/requirements.txt\n\npython-docx>=1.1.0\nlxml>=4.9.0\n\nFile v1.0.0:contract-clauses.md\n\n# Standard Contract Clauses Reference / 标准合同条款参考\n\n## Definitions Clause / 定义条款\n\n### English\n```\n\"Affiliate\" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly Controls, is Controlled by, or is under common Control with such Person. \"Control\" means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise.\n\n\"Confidential Information\" means all non-public information disclosed by one Party to the other Party, whether orally, in writing, or by inspection, that is designated as confidential or that reasonably should be understood to be confidential given the nature of the information and the circumstances of disclosure.\n\n\"Intellectual Property\" means all patents, trademarks, service marks, trade names, copyrights, trade secrets, know-how, inventions, software, and other intellectual property rights, whether registered or unregistered.\n\n\"Trade Secrets\" means information that: (a) is not generally known to or readily ascertainable by persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; (b) has actual or potential economic value; and (c) is subject to reasonable measures to maintain its secrecy.\n```\n\n### 中文\n```\n\"关联方\"是指直接或间接控制一方、受一方控制、或与一方共同受控制的任何实体。\"控制\"是指通过持有有表决权的证券、合同安排或其他方式，直接或间接拥有指导或决定一方管理和政策的权力。\n\n\"保密信息\"是指一方向另一方披露的所有非公开信息，无论以口头、书面或其他方式披露，且该等信息被标记为保密信息或根据信息的性质和披露的情形合理地应被理解为保密信息。\n\n\"知识产权\"是指所有专利权、商标权、服务标识、商号、著作权、商业秘密、技术诀窍、发明、软件及其他知识产权，无论是否已注册。\n\n\"商业秘密\"是指符合以下条件的信息：(a) 不为公众所知悉或不能轻易获取；(b) 具有实际或潜在的经济价值；(c) 权利人已采取合理保密措施。（参照《反不正当竞争法》第九条）\n```\n\n### Bilingual (中英对照)\n```\n\"Affiliate\" / \"关联方\" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly Controls, is Controlled by, or is under common Control with such Person. / 是指就任何一方而言，直接或间接控制该方、受该方控制或与该方共同受控制的任何其他主体。\n\n\"Control\" / \"控制\" means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise. / 是指通过持有有表决权的证券、合同安排或其他方式，直接或间接拥有指导或决定一方管理和政策的权力。\n```\n\n## Limitation of Liability / 责任限制\n\n### English (Balanced)\n```\nEXCEPT FOR A PARTY'S INDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS, BREACH OF CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS, INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, OR WILLFUL MISCONDUCT:\n\n(a) IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER PARTY FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOSS OF PROFITS, REVENUE, DATA, OR BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY, REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY.\n\n(b) EACH PARTY'S TOTAL AGGREGATE LIABILITY UNDER THIS AGREEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED THE TOTAL FEES PAID OR PAYABLE BY [CLIENT] TO [PROVIDER] DURING THE TWELVE (12) MONTH PERIOD IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE EVENT GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM.\n```\n\n### 中文\n```\n除因一方故意或重大过失、违反保密义务、侵犯知识产权或违反反不正当竞争义务所导致的责任外：\n\n(a) 任何一方均不对另一方承担任何间接损失、附带损失、特殊损失、后果性损失或惩罚性赔偿责任，包括但不限于利润损失、收入损失、数据损失或商业机会损失。\n\n(b) 各方在本协议项下的累计赔偿总额不超过引起索赔的事件发生前十二(12)个月内[委托方]已向[服务方]支付或应支付的费用总额。\n```\n\n## Governing Law & Dispute Resolution / 法律适用与争议解决\n\n### PRC Domestic / 国内合同\n```\n本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议解决均适用中华人民共和国法律。\n\n因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议，双方应首先通过友好协商解决。协商不成的，任何一方可将争议提交至[中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/北京仲裁委员会]，按照其届时有效的仲裁规则在[北京]进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方均有约束力。\n```\n\n### Cross-Border (Hong Kong Arbitration) / 跨境合同（香港仲裁）\n```\nThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Hong Kong Special Administrative Region / the People's Republic of China / the State of New York].\n\nAny dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, including any question regarding its existence, validity, or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) under the HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules in force at the time of commencement of the arbitration. The seat of arbitration shall be Hong Kong. The arbitral tribunal shall consist of [one/three] arbitrator(s). The language of the arbitration shall be [English / Chinese and English].\n```\n\n### Cross-Border Bilingual (中英对照)\n```\nGoverning Law / 法律适用\nThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [jurisdiction].\n本协议应适用[管辖区域]的法律并按其解释。\n\nDispute Resolution / 争议解决\nAny dispute arising out of or in connection with this Agreement shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) under the HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules in force at the time of commencement of the arbitration.\n因本协议引起的或与本协议有关的任何争议，应提交香港国际仲裁中心（HKIAC），按照其届时有效的管理仲裁规则最终裁决解决。\n\nLanguage / 语言\nIn the event of any inconsistency between the Chinese and English versions of this Agreement, the [Chinese/English] version shall prevail.\n本协议中英文版本如有不一致之处，以[中文/英文]版本为准。\n```\n\n### US Domestic\n```\nThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of [Delaware/New York], without giving effect to any choice or conflict of law provision or rule.\n\nAny dispute arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be resolved by binding arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association (AAA) under its Commercial Arbitration Rules. The arbitration shall be conducted in [City, State] before a single arbitrator. Judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.\n```\n\n## Confidentiality / 保密条款\n\n### English\n```\n1. Each Party agrees to hold in strict confidence and not to disclose to any third party any Confidential Information of the other Party without the prior written consent of the disclosing Party.\n\n2. The receiving Party shall use the Confidential Information solely for the purpose of performing its obligations and exercising its rights under this Agreement.\n\n3. The obligations of confidentiality shall not apply to information that: (a) is or becomes publicly available through no fault of the receiving Party; (b) was known to the receiving Party prior to disclosure, as evidenced by written records; (c) is independently developed by the receiving Party without use of or reference to the Confidential Information, as evidenced by written records; or (d) is rightfully obtained from a third party without restriction on disclosure.\n\n4. The receiving Party may disclose Confidential Information to the extent required by applicable law, regulation, or legal process, provided that the receiving Party shall: (a) give the disclosing Party prompt written notice of such requirement (to the extent legally permissible); and (b) cooperate with the disclosing Party's efforts to obtain protective treatment for such information.\n\n5. The obligations under this Section shall survive for a period of [three (3)] years from the date of disclosure, provided that obligations with respect to trade secrets shall survive for so long as such information remains a trade secret under applicable law.\n```\n\n### 中文（含商业秘密保护强化条款）\n```\n1. 各方同意对另一方的保密信息严格保密，未经披露方事先书面同意，不得向任何第三方披露。\n\n2. 接收方仅可为履行本协议项下义务和行使本协议项下权利之目的使用保密信息。\n\n3. 保密义务不适用于以下信息：(a) 非因接收方过错而成为公开信息的；(b) 接收方在接收前已合法持有的（以书面记录为证）；(c) 接收方独立开发且未使用或参考保密信息的（以书面记录为证）；(d) 接收方从有权披露的第三方合法获得的。\n\n4. 接收方在适用法律、法规或法律程序要求的范围内可以披露保密信息，但接收方应：(a) 在法律允许的范围内及时书面通知披露方；(b) 配合披露方为该等信息寻求保护性措施的努力。\n\n5. 各方应采取与保护自身同等重要保密信息相同的措施（且不低于合理审慎标准），包括但不限于限制知悉范围、签署保密协议、物理和电子安全措施等，以满足《反不正当竞争法》第九条项下\"相应保密措施\"的要求。\n\n6. 本条项下的保密义务自信息披露之日起[三(3)]年内有效；但对于构成商业秘密的信息，保密义务持续至该等信息不再构成适用法律项下的商业秘密时止。\n```\n\n## Indemnification / 赔偿与补偿\n\n### English (Mutual)\n```\n1. Each Party (\"Indemnifying Party\") shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless the other Party and its Affiliates, and their respective officers, directors, employees, and agents (\"Indemnified Parties\") from and against any and all losses, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees) arising out of or relating to:\n   (a) any breach of the Indemnifying Party's representations, warranties, or obligations under this Agreement;\n   (b) any negligent or wrongful act or omission of the Indemnifying Party;\n   (c) any third-party claim arising from the Indemnifying Party's performance under this Agreement; or\n   (d) any violation of applicable laws, including anti-unfair competition laws, anti-bribery laws, or data protection laws, by the Indemnifying Party.\n\n2. The Indemnified Party shall: (a) promptly notify the Indemnifying Party in writing of any claim; (b) grant the Indemnifying Party sole control of the defense and settlement (provided that no settlement shall be entered into without the Indemnified Party's prior written consent if such settlement imposes any obligation on or requires any admission by the Indemnified Party); and (c) provide reasonable cooperation at the Indemnifying Party's expense.\n```\n\n## Force Majeure / 不可抗力\n\n### English\n```\nNeither Party shall be liable for any failure or delay in performing its obligations under this Agreement to the extent that such failure or delay results from circumstances beyond the reasonable control of that Party, including but not limited to: acts of God, natural disasters, epidemics or pandemics, war, terrorism, civil unrest, government actions or sanctions, embargo, labor disputes, power failures, internet or telecommunications failures, or cyberattacks (\"Force Majeure Event\").\n\nThe affected Party shall: (a) promptly notify the other Party in writing of the Force Majeure Event and its expected duration (such notice to be given within [five (5)] business days of the occurrence); (b) use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate the effects; and (c) resume performance as soon as reasonably practicable.\n\nIf a Force Majeure Event continues for more than [ninety (90)] consecutive days, either Party may terminate this Agreement upon [thirty (30)] days' written notice to the other Party, without liability except for payment of amounts due for services already rendered.\n```\n\n### 中文\n```\n任何一方因不可抗力事件导致无法履行或延迟履行本合同项下义务的，不承担违约责任。不可抗力事件包括但不限于：自然灾害、疫情、战争、恐怖主义行为、政府行为或制裁、禁运、罢工、电力中断、互联网或电信故障、网络攻击等超出该方合理控制范围的事件。\n\n受影响的一方应：(a) 在事件发生后[五(5)]个工作日内以书面方式通知另一方不可抗力事件及其预计持续时间；(b) 采取商业上合理的措施减轻影响；(c) 在合理可行的情况下尽快恢复履行。\n\n如不可抗力事件持续超过[九十(90)]日，任何一方可提前[三十(30)]日书面通知另一方终止本合同，但需支付已提供服务的对应款项。\n```\n\n## Termination / 合同终止\n\n### English\n```\n1. Termination for Convenience. Either Party may terminate this Agreement upon [thirty (30)] days' prior written notice to the other Party.\n\n2. Termination for Cause. Either Party may terminate this Agreement immediately upon written notice if:\n   (a) the other Party commits a material breach of this Agreement and fails to cure such breach within [thirty (30)] days after receiving written notice thereof;\n   (b) the other Party becomes insolvent, files for bankruptcy, or has a receiver appointed for a substantial part of its assets;\n   (c) the other Party ceases to carry on business; or\n   (d) the other Party is found to have engaged in commercial bribery, fraud, or other acts of unfair competition in connection with this Agreement.\n\n3. Effect of Termination.\n   (a) All rights and licenses granted hereunder shall immediately terminate.\n   (b) Each Party shall promptly return or destroy all Confidential Information of the other Party and certify such return or destruction in writing.\n   (c) [Client] shall pay [Provider] for all services performed and expenses incurred prior to the effective date of termination.\n   (d) Sections [Confidentiality, Limitation of Liability, Indemnification, Governing Law, Intellectual Property] shall survive termination.\n```\n\n## Intellectual Property / 知识产权\n\n### English (Service Provider Retains IP, Client Gets License)\n```\n1. Pre-Existing IP. Each Party retains all right, title, and interest in and to its Pre-Existing Intellectual Property. Neither Party grants the other any rights in its Pre-Existing IP except as expressly set forth herein.\n\n2. Work Product. All Intellectual Property created, developed, or conceived by [Provider] in the performance of the Services (\"Work Product\") shall be owned by [Provider]. [Provider] hereby grants to [Client] a non-exclusive, worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free license to use, reproduce, modify, and distribute the Work Product solely for [Client]'s internal business purposes.\n\n3. Client Data. [Client] retains all right, title, and interest in and to all data provided by [Client] to [Provider] (\"Client Data\"). [Provider] shall use Client Data solely for performing the Services and shall return or destroy all Client Data upon termination.\n```\n\n### English (Client Owns All Work Product)\n```\n1. Work Made for Hire. All Work Product shall be considered \"work made for hire\" as defined under the U.S. Copyright Act. To the extent any Work Product does not qualify as work made for hire, [Provider] hereby irrevocably assigns to [Client] all right, title, and interest in and to such Work Product, including all Intellectual Property rights therein.\n\n2. [Provider] shall execute all documents and take all actions reasonably requested by [Client] to perfect [Client]'s ownership of the Work Product.\n\n3. [Provider] represents and warrants that: (a) the Work Product will be original and will not infringe any third party's Intellectual Property rights; and (b) [Provider] has not and will not incorporate any open-source software or third-party materials into the Work Product without [Client]'s prior written approval.\n```\n\n## Anti-Corruption & Anti-Unfair Competition / 反腐败与反不正当竞争\n\n### English (Comprehensive)\n```\n1. Anti-Corruption. Each Party represents and warrants that in connection with this Agreement:\n   (a) it has not and will not, directly or indirectly, offer, pay, promise to pay, or authorize the payment of any money, gift, or anything of value to any government official, political party, or any other person for the purpose of influencing any act or decision, or securing any improper advantage;\n   (b) it shall comply with all applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, including but not limited to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the UK Bribery Act 2010, the Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Cap. 201) of Hong Kong, and the anti-bribery provisions of the PRC Criminal Law and Anti-Unfair Competition Law;\n   (c) it shall maintain accurate books and records that fairly reflect all transactions.\n\n2. Anti-Unfair Competition. Each Party covenants that in connection with this Agreement:\n   (a) it shall not engage in any act of commercial bribery (商业贿赂) as defined under the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law, including providing kickbacks, secret commissions, or other improper benefits to secure business advantages;\n   (b) it shall not engage in false or misleading advertising or promotional activities in connection with the subject matter of this Agreement;\n   (c) it shall not misappropriate or misuse the other Party's trade secrets, commercial data, or proprietary information;\n   (d) it shall comply with all applicable competition and anti-unfair competition laws in each jurisdiction where it operates.\n\n3. Audit Rights. Each Party shall have the right, upon reasonable notice and during normal business hours, to audit the other Party's books and records to verify compliance with this Section.\n\n4. Breach Consequences. A breach of this Section shall constitute a material breach of this Agreement entitling the non-breaching Party to immediate termination and full indemnification for all resulting losses.\n```\n\n### 中文（反不正当竞争强化条款）\n```\n1. 反腐败。各方声明并保证，在与本合同有关的事项中：\n   (a) 未曾且不会直接或间接地向任何政府官员、政党或其他任何人提供、支付、承诺支付或授权支付任何金钱、礼品或其他有价物，以影响任何行为或决定，或获取不正当利益；\n   (b) 应遵守所有适用的反贿赂和反腐败法律法规，包括但不限于《中华人民共和国刑法》中关于行贿罪、受贿罪的规定，以及《反不正当竞争法》关于商业贿赂的规定；\n   (c) 应保存准确的账簿和记录，真实反映所有交易情况。\n\n2. 反不正当竞争。各方承诺，在与本合同有关的事项中：\n   (a) 不从事《反不正当竞争法》第七条所定义的商业贿赂行为，包括回扣、暗中佣金或其他不正当利益；\n   (b) 不从事与本合同标的有关的虚假或误导性广告或促销活动（《反不正当竞争法》第八条）；\n   (c) 不侵犯或不当使用另一方的商业秘密、商业数据或专有信息（《反不正当竞争法》第九条）；\n   (d) 不实施混淆行为，不擅自使用与另一方有一定影响的商品名称、包装、装潢等相同或近似的标识（《反不正当竞争法》第六条）；\n   (e) 遵守各方经营所在地所有适用的竞争和反不正当竞争法律法规。\n\n3. 审计权。各方有权在合理通知后，在正常营业时间内审计另一方的账簿和记录，以核实其遵守本条约定的情况。\n\n4. 违约后果。违反本条约定构成本合同的重大违约，守约方有权立即终止本合同，并要求违约方全额赔偿由此造成的一切损失。\n```\n\n## Data Protection (Cross-Border) / 数据保护（跨境）\n\n### English\n```\n1. Each Party shall comply with all applicable data protection and privacy laws and regulations, including but not limited to: the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC (PIPL), the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the EU (where applicable), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) / California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) (where applicable), and the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Cap. 486) of Hong Kong.\n\n2. Where Personal Information is transferred from the PRC to a jurisdiction outside the PRC, the Parties shall ensure such transfer complies with PIPL requirements, including: (a) completing a security assessment organized by the Cyberspace Administration of China where required; (b) obtaining personal information protection certification; or (c) entering into a standard contract formulated by the CAC.\n\n3. Each Party shall implement appropriate technical and organizational measures to protect Personal Information against unauthorized access, loss, destruction, or alteration.\n\n4. In the event of a data breach affecting Personal Information, the affected Party shall: (a) notify the other Party within [48] hours of becoming aware of the breach; (b) notify the relevant regulatory authority as required by applicable law; and (c) take all necessary measures to mitigate the impact of the breach.\n```\n\n## Non-Compete & Non-Solicitation / 竞业限制与禁止招揽\n\n### English (Balanced)\n```\n1. Non-Compete. During the term of this Agreement and for a period of [twelve (12)] months following its termination or expiration (the \"Restricted Period\"), [Party] shall not, directly or indirectly, engage in, own, manage, operate, or provide services to any business that directly competes with the [other Party]'s business in [geographic scope], without the prior written consent of the [other Party].\n\n2. Non-Solicitation. During the Restricted Period, neither Party shall, directly or indirectly, solicit, recruit, or hire any employee, contractor, or consultant of the other Party who was involved in the performance of this Agreement, or induce any such person to leave the employ of the other Party.\n\n3. Reasonableness. The Parties acknowledge that the restrictions in this Section are reasonable and necessary to protect the legitimate business interests of the Parties, including trade secrets, confidential information, and customer relationships. If any court of competent jurisdiction determines that any restriction is unenforceable, the Parties agree that such court may modify the restriction to render it enforceable to the maximum extent permitted by law.\n```\n\n### 中文（竞业限制 - 符合劳动合同法要求）\n```\n1. 竞业限制。在本协议期限内及其终止或届满后[十二(12)]个月内（\"限制期\"），[方]不得直接或间接地从事、拥有、管理、运营或向与[另一方]业务直接竞争的任何企业提供服务，但需[另一方]在限制期内按月向[方]支付竞业限制补偿金，金额为[方]离职前十二个月平均月工资的[百分之三十(30%)]。\n\n2. 禁止招揽。在限制期内，任何一方不得直接或间接地招揽、招聘或雇用参与本协议履行的另一方的员工、承包商或顾问，或诱使该等人员离职。\n\n3. 违约责任。如违反本条约定，违约方应向守约方支付违约金人民币[金额]元，并赔偿守约方因此遭受的全部损失（以较高者为准）。\n\n注：根据《劳动合同法》第二十三条、第二十四条，竞业限制的人员限于高级管理人员、高级技术人员和其他负有保密义务的人员；竞业限制期限最长不超过二年；用人单位应按月给予劳动者经济补偿。\n```\n\n## Liquidated Damages / 违约金\n\n### 中文（符合民法典第585条司法实践）\n```\n1. 如[违约方]违反本合同第[X]条的约定，应向[守约方]支付违约金人民币[金额]元。\n\n2. 如上述违约金不足以弥补[守约方]因[违约方]违约所遭受的实际损失，[违约方]应另行赔偿差额部分。\n\n3. 双方确认，上述违约金金额系根据可预见的损失合理确定，不构成《民法典》第五百八十五条第二款所述的\"过分高于造成的损失\"的情形。\n\n注：根据司法实践，违约金一般以不超过实际损失的30%为合理上限参考标准。建议违约金金额设置在该范围内，以降低被法院依职权调减的风险。\n```\n\n### English\n```\n1. If [Breaching Party] breaches Section [X] of this Agreement, [Breaching Party] shall pay to [Non-Breaching Party] liquidated damages in the amount of [USD/RMB Amount].\n\n2. The Parties acknowledge that the actual damages in the event of such breach would be difficult to ascertain and that the liquidated damages amount represents a reasonable pre-estimate of the likely loss. The liquidated damages shall not be construed as a penalty.\n\n3. Payment of liquidated damages shall not relieve the [Breaching Party] of its other obligations under this Agreement, nor shall it limit the [Non-Breaching Party]'s right to seek specific performance or injunctive relief.\n```\n\nFile v1.0.0:legal-reference.md\n\n# Legal Reference - Jurisdiction Guide / 法律参考 - 法域指南\n\n## PRC Law (中国法)\n\n### Primary Contract Legislation / 主要合同法律\n\n- **Civil Code (民法典)** 2021: Book III Contracts (合同编) is the core contract law\n  - Art. 464-988: General provisions, typical contracts, quasi-contracts\n  - Art. 470: Essential contract clauses (合同一般条款)\n  - Art. 496-498: Standard form contracts (格式条款) - provider must draw attention to exemption/limitation clauses; unfair standard terms void per Art. 497\n  - Art. 500-501: Pre-contractual liability (缔约过失责任) and pre-contractual confidentiality\n  - Art. 509: Good faith performance; supplementary obligations (通知、协助、保密)\n  - Art. 563-566: Statutory termination rights and consequences\n  - Art. 577-594: Breach of contract liability (违约责任)\n  - Art. 584: Damages: foreseeable loss principle (可预见性规则)\n  - Art. 585: Liquidated damages (约定违约金) - court may adjust if excessive (>130% of actual loss per judicial guidance) or insufficient\n  - Art. 590: Force majeure (不可抗力)\n  - Art. 591: Obligation to mitigate (减损义务)\n\n### Anti-Unfair Competition Law (反不正当竞争法) 2019 Revised\n\n**This is a critical statute for commercial contract practice.** Key provisions:\n\n- **Art. 6 - Confusion/Misappropriation (混淆行为)**:\n  - Unauthorized use of well-known trade names, packaging, trade dress\n  - Unauthorized use of others' domain names, website names\n  - Other acts sufficient to cause confusion with others' goods/services\n\n- **Art. 7 - Commercial Bribery (商业贿赂)**:\n  - Prohibition on providing property or other benefits to counterparty's employees, agents, or authorized representatives to secure competitive advantage\n  - Off-book benefits (账外暗中) presumed to be bribery\n  - Operator's liability for employees' bribery unless operator had no knowledge and did not condone\n\n- **Art. 8 - False Advertising (虚假宣传)**:\n  - False or misleading commercial promotions regarding quality, function, ingredients, origin, etc.\n  - Platform operators organizing false transactions or fabricating reviews\n  - Aiding others in false advertising\n\n- **Art. 9 - Trade Secret Misappropriation (侵犯商业秘密)**:\n  - Expanded definition of trade secrets: commercial, technical, or operational information meeting the \"three elements\" (秘密性、价值性、保密措施)\n  - Prohibited acts: theft, bribery, fraud, electronic intrusion, inducing breach of confidentiality\n  - Employee/former employee misappropriation: operators liable if they knew or should have known\n  - Burden shifting: once right holder establishes prima facie case (possession + similarity + access), alleged infringer must prove lawful source\n\n- **Art. 12 - Internet-Specific Unfair Competition (互联网不正当竞争)**:\n  - Inserting links or forcing redirects in others' network products without consent\n  - Misleading or forcing users to modify, close, or uninstall others' products\n  - Malicious incompatibility with others' network products\n  - Other acts disrupting normal operation of others' network products/services\n\n- **Remedies**: Injunction, damages (including punitive damages up to 5x for willful IP infringement), cessation of infringement, public apology\n\n### Other Key Legislation\n\n- **Company Law (公司法)** 2024 revised: Corporate governance, shareholder rights, accelerated capital contribution obligations\n- **Foreign Investment Law (外商投资法)** 2020: Foreign-invested enterprise rules, national treatment + negative list\n- **Anti-Monopoly Law (反垄断法)** 2022 revised: M&A review thresholds (new turnover standards), restrictive agreements, abuse of dominance, strengthened platform economy regulation\n- **Personal Information Protection Law (个人信息保护法, PIPL)** 2021: Data protection, cross-border transfer restrictions (security assessment / standard contract / certification)\n- **Data Security Law (数据安全法)** 2021: Data classification, important data export review, data localization\n- **Cybersecurity Law (网络安全法)** 2017: Network security, critical information infrastructure protection\n- **Labor Contract Law (劳动合同法)** 2013 revised: Employment terms, non-compete (max 2 years, monthly compensation ≥30% of avg salary required)\n- **Electronic Commerce Law (电子商务法)** 2019: E-commerce platform operator obligations, consumer protection\n\n### PRC Dispute Resolution\n\n- **Litigation**: People's Courts, two-instance system (两审终审)\n  - IP cases: specialized IP courts in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou; Internet Courts in Beijing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou\n  - Jurisdiction: domicile of defendant or place of contract performance (Civil Procedure Law Art. 23-24)\n- **Arbitration**: \n  - CIETAC (中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会): Beijing/Shanghai/Shenzhen, premier for international commercial\n  - BAC/BIAC (北京仲裁委员会): Beijing, strong for domestic commercial\n  - SHIAC (上海国际仲裁中心): Shanghai\n  - SCIA (深圳国际仲裁院): Shenzhen, Greater Bay Area focus\n  - Choice of arbitration institution must be clear and unambiguous (otherwise clause may be void per Civil Code Art. 1175)\n  - Foreign-related contracts: parties may choose foreign arbitration (e.g., HKIAC, ICC, SIAC)\n- **Mediation**: People's mediation, commercial mediation (increasingly encouraged)\n\n### PRC Key Practical Points\n\n- Contract must be signed by legal representative (法定代表人) or authorized agent with power of attorney (授权委托书)\n- Company seal (公章) is legally binding; contract seal (合同章) also acceptable\n- Unified Social Credit Code (统一社会信用代码) should be included for party identification\n- Penalty clauses: generally enforced but courts may adjust to ~130% of actual loss as upper guidance\n- Non-compete: max 2 years after employment ends; employer must pay monthly compensation ≥30% of average salary; limited to senior management/technical/confidentiality personnel\n- Governing law for purely domestic contracts cannot be foreign law\n- Foreign-related contracts: parties can choose governing law; absent choice, closest-connection principle applies\n- RMB or foreign currency payment: specify clearly; SAFE (外汇管理局) compliance for cross-border payments\n\n## US Law\n\n### Primary Sources\n- **UCC (Uniform Commercial Code)**: Governs sale of goods (Article 2), secured transactions (Article 9), letters of credit (Article 5)\n- **Common law**: Governs service contracts, real estate, employment, partnership\n- **Restatement (Second) of Contracts**: Influential authority on contract principles\n- **FTC Act Section 5**: Prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices (federal unfair competition)\n- **Lanham Act (15 U.S.C. § 1125)**: Federal unfair competition, false advertising, trademark infringement\n- **Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA)**: Federal trade secret protection\n- **State UTSA (Uniform Trade Secrets Act)**: Adopted in most states; trade secret protection at state level\n\n### State-Specific Considerations\n- **Delaware**: Preferred for corporate governance, LLC agreements. Court of Chancery for equity disputes. Business-friendly contract law\n- **New York**: Preferred for commercial/financial contracts. GOL §5-1401 (choice of law for contracts ≥$250k). Strong enforcement of contractual provisions\n- **California**: Strong employee protections. Non-competes generally unenforceable (Bus. & Prof. Code §16600). CCPA/CPRA for data privacy. Strong consumer protection (UCL)\n- **Texas**: Business-friendly. Texas Business & Commerce Code. Broad non-compete enforceability (with reasonableness limitations)\n\n### US Key Practical Points\n- **Consideration** required for contract formation (unlike PRC law)\n- **Statute of Frauds**: Certain contracts must be in writing (land, goods >$500 under UCC, >1 year, suretyship)\n- **Parol Evidence Rule**: Integrated contracts exclude prior oral/written agreements\n- **Implied covenant of good faith**: Every contract contains this implied duty (Restatement §205)\n- **Limitation of liability**: Generally enforceable but cannot disclaim liability for fraud, willful misconduct, or bodily injury\n- **Indemnification**: Key clause in US contracts; clarify defense obligation, scope, and settlement consent\n- **Non-compete**: Varies dramatically by state. California: unenforceable. Most states: must be reasonable in scope, duration, geography\n- **Export controls**: EAR (BIS) and ITAR (DDTC) compliance required for technology transfers\n- **CFIUS**: Foreign investment in US businesses may require CFIUS review\n- **FCPA**: Anti-bribery compliance for international transactions\n- **Sanctions**: OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control) compliance; SDN list screening\n\n### US Dispute Resolution\n- Federal vs. state court jurisdiction (diversity jurisdiction: >$75k, complete diversity)\n- AAA (American Arbitration Association) for domestic commercial arbitration\n- JAMS for complex commercial disputes and mediations\n- ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) for international arbitration\n\n## Hong Kong Law\n\n### Primary Sources\n- **Common law** system based on English law principles\n- **Basic Law**: Constitutional document of HKSAR\n- **Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Ordinance** (Cap. 623): Third-party rights in contracts\n- **Sale of Goods Ordinance** (Cap. 26): Sale of goods terms (implied terms, remedies)\n- **Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance** (Cap. 457): Service contract implied terms\n- **Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance** (Cap. 71): Unfair exemption clauses - reasonableness test\n- **Arbitration Ordinance** (Cap. 609): Based on UNCITRAL Model Law\n- **Competition Ordinance** (Cap. 619): Anti-competitive conduct (First Conduct Rule: anti-competitive agreements; Second Conduct Rule: abuse of market power)\n- **Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance** (Cap. 486, PDPO): Six data protection principles\n- **Prevention of Bribery Ordinance** (Cap. 201): Anti-corruption (covers private sector)\n- **Companies Ordinance** (Cap. 622): Company formation, governance, and execution of documents\n- **Trade Descriptions Ordinance** (Cap. 362): False trade descriptions, misleading omissions\n\n### Hong Kong Key Practical Points\n- **Consideration** required (same as English law) but deed (签署为契据) can bypass this requirement\n- **Privity of contract**: Modified by Cap. 623 allowing third-party enforcement in specified cases\n- **Contract execution**: No common seal required under Cap. 622; execution by two directors or one director + company secretary\n- **Stamp duty**: Required for certain documents (property transfers, share transfers); contracts for services generally exempt\n- **Choice of law**: Party autonomy respected; Hong Kong commonly chosen as neutral jurisdiction for China-foreign deals\n- **Non-compete**: Enforced if reasonable (restraint of trade doctrine); assessed by reference to proprietary interest, scope, duration, geography\n- **Exemption clauses**: Subject to Cap. 71 reasonableness test; cannot exclude negligence causing death/personal injury\n- **Data privacy**: Six Data Protection Principles under PDPO; no mandatory data breach notification (but recommended); cross-border transfer restrictions\n\n### Hong Kong Dispute Resolution\n- **HKIAC** (Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre): Leading Asian arbitration institution; administered and ad hoc arbitration\n- **Courts**: District Court (<HK$3M), Court of First Instance (>HK$3M), Court of Appeal, Court of Final Appeal\n- **Mediation**: Encouraged; Hong Kong Mediation Ordinance (Cap. 620); mandatory mediation in some court proceedings\n- Hong Kong commonly used as arbitration seat for PRC-related cross-border disputes due to:\n  - Mainland-HK reciprocal enforcement of arbitral awards (Arrangement Concerning Mutual Enforcement)\n  - Mainland-HK reciprocal enforcement of civil and commercial judgments (2019 Arrangement, effective 2024)\n  - New York Convention member\n  - Independent legal system with common law traditions\n\n## Cross-Border Considerations / 跨境交易要点\n\n### PRC-US Transactions\n- CFIUS review for US-bound investment (mandatory filing for TID businesses)\n- Export control compliance (EAR/ITAR for US side; PRC Export Control Law for PRC side)\n- PIPL cross-border data transfer requirements (standard contract, certification, or security assessment)\n- Anti-bribery compliance (FCPA + PRC anti-bribery laws)\n- Sanctions screening (OFAC SDN List for US side)\n- Currency controls: SAFE approval/registration for capital account transactions\n- Tax: withholding tax, permanent establishment risk, US-PRC tax treaty (1984)\n- Technology transfer: PRC technology import/export regulations; US Entity List considerations\n\n### PRC-HK Transactions\n- CEPA (Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement) benefits for trade in services\n- Reciprocal enforcement of arbitral awards (Arrangement Concerning Mutual Enforcement, as supplemented)\n- Reciprocal enforcement of civil judgments (2019 Arrangement)\n- Greater Bay Area special policies (financial, professional services, IP)\n- HK as common holding structure jurisdiction for PRC outbound investment\n- Cross-border data: PIPL applies to PRC-to-HK personal information transfers\n\n### General Cross-Border\n- Choice of law: specify clearly; consider which jurisdiction's courts will enforce\n- Dispute resolution: international arbitration preferred (enforceable under New York Convention in 170+ jurisdictions)\n- Language: specify controlling language version in bilingual contracts\n- Currency: specify clearly with exchange rate mechanism if needed\n- Force majeure: define specifically; consider pandemic, sanctions, trade wars, regulatory changes\n- Compliance: anti-corruption (FCPA, UK Bribery Act, PRC anti-bribery), sanctions, export controls, data privacy\n- Service of process: specify addresses and acceptable methods (particularly important for PRC parties under Hague Convention)\n- Sovereign immunity: consider if government or state-owned entities are involved\n\nFile v1.0.0:litigation-cases.md\n\n# Key Litigation Cases & Judicial Precedents / 重要诉讼案例与司法先例\n\nThis reference provides key cases and judicial interpretations organized by legal topic, for use when drafting contracts, reviewing clauses, or justifying revisions in track-change comments.\n\n## PRC Contract Law Cases / 中国合同法案例\n\n### Liquidated Damages Adjustment / 违约金调整\n\n**Judicial Standard**: Courts may adjust liquidated damages per Civil Code Art. 585(2) if \"obviously excessive\" or \"obviously lower than actual loss.\"\n\n**Key Guidance**:\n- 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国合同法》若干问题的解释(二) 第29条：当事人约定的违约金超过造成损失的百分之三十的，一般可以认定为\"过分高于造成的损失\"\n- Practical threshold: 130% of actual loss is the general judicial benchmark for \"reasonableness\"\n- Courts consider: actual loss, contract performance, degree of fault, and expected benefits\n\n**Application**: When drafting penalty clauses, set amounts at or below 130% of foreseeable loss. In review comments, cite this standard to persuade counterparty to accept reasonable penalty caps.\n\n### Standard Form Contracts (格式条款) / 格式合同效力\n\n**Key Rules** (Civil Code Art. 496-498):\n- Provider must take reasonable steps to draw attention to exemption/limitation clauses\n- Failure to fulfill notification obligation: clause does not become part of the contract\n- Art. 497: Standard form clauses that unreasonably exempt the provider's liability, increase the other party's liability, or exclude the other party's main rights are void\n\n**Application**: When reviewing counterparty's standard terms, challenge unfair exemption clauses by citing Art. 497. In comments: \"该格式条款不合理地免除了提供方的主要义务/加重了我方责任，依据民法典第497条可能被认定为无效。\"\n\n### Contract Formation & Performance / 合同成立与履行\n\n**Key Principles**:\n- 最高人民法院关于审理买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释 (2020修正): Comprehensive guidance on sale contract disputes\n- Obligation to mitigate: Non-breaching party must take reasonable measures to prevent loss expansion (Civil Code Art. 591)\n- Performance in good faith: Supplementary obligations of notification, assistance, and confidentiality (Civil Code Art. 509)\n\n### Force Majeure / 不可抗力\n\n**COVID-era Guidance**:\n- 最高人民法院关于依法妥善审理涉新冠肺炎疫情民事案件若干问题的指导意见: Courts should consider whether performance was actually hindered and whether mitigation measures were taken\n- Epidemic alone does not automatically constitute force majeure; must prove causal link between the event and inability to perform\n- Party claiming force majeure bears the burden of proof\n\n**Application**: Draft force majeure clauses with specific triggering events and clear notification requirements. In review, ensure the clause includes a mitigation obligation.\n\n## PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Cases / 反不正当竞争案例\n\n### Trade Secret Protection / 商业秘密保护\n\n**Key Judicial Interpretations**:\n- 最高人民法院关于审理侵犯商业秘密民事案件适用法律若干问题的规定 (法释[2020]7号):\n  - Clarified the \"three elements\" test for trade secrets: secrecy (秘密性), value (价值性), and protective measures (保密措施)\n  - Defined \"reasonable protective measures\" (合理保密措施): includes confidentiality agreements, access restrictions, markings, physical/electronic security measures\n  - Shifted burden of proof: once the right holder establishes prima facie case, alleged infringer bears burden of proving lawful source\n\n**Application in Contract Drafting**:\n- Ensure confidentiality clauses expressly satisfy the \"reasonable protective measures\" standard\n- Include specific identification of protected information categories\n- Require return/destruction of trade secrets upon termination\n- In comments: \"该保密条款的措辞不足以满足《反不正当竞争法》第九条及相关司法解释对'保密措施'的要求，建议补充具体保密措施描述。\"\n\n### Commercial Bribery / 商业贿赂\n\n**Key Trends**:\n- Anti-Unfair Competition Law Art. 7 expanded scope: covers benefits to counterparty's employees or agents that may influence transactions\n- \"Off-book\" benefits (账外暗中给予) are presumed to constitute commercial bribery\n- Both the briber and the entity whose employee accepts bribes may face liability\n\n**Application**: Include robust anti-bribery representations and compliance clauses, especially in distribution, agency, and procurement agreements.\n\n### Internet Unfair Competition / 互联网不正当竞争\n\n**Landmark Cases**:\n- Tencent v. Qihoo 360 (3Q大战): Supreme People's Court established principles for analyzing internet unfair competition, including the \"consumer welfare\" standard\n- Data scraping cases: Courts have found unauthorized data collection from competitor platforms to constitute unfair competition under Art. 12\n- Malicious incompatibility: Deliberately making products incompatible with competitors' products violates Art. 12\n\n**Application**: In technology contracts, include data usage restrictions, API access terms, and interoperability obligations informed by these precedents.\n\n## PRC Intellectual Property Cases / 知识产权案例\n\n### Software Copyright / 软件著作权\n\n**Key Principles**:\n- Computer Software Protection Regulations (计算机软件保护条例): Work-for-hire software belongs to the employer unless otherwise agreed\n- Source code comparison is primary evidence; functional similarity alone is insufficient\n- Open-source license compliance is increasingly scrutinized by courts\n\n### Non-Compete in Employment Context / 劳动竞业限制\n\n**Key Rules** (Labor Contract Law Art. 23-24):\n- Limited to senior management, senior technical personnel, and those with confidentiality obligations\n- Maximum duration: 2 years after termination\n- Monthly compensation required: ≥30% of average monthly salary in 12 months preceding departure\n- If employer fails to pay compensation for 3 months, employee may petition to terminate the restriction\n- 最高人民法院关于审理劳动争议案件适用法律问题的解释(一) (2020) Art. 36-40: Detailed guidance on non-compete enforcement\n\n**Application**: Always verify that non-compete provisions meet these statutory requirements. In comments: \"根据《劳动合同法》第23-24条及最高院劳动争议司法解释，竞业限制条款须满足主体适格、期限不超过两年、按月支付经济补偿等法定要件。\"\n\n## US Contract Law Cases / 美国合同法案例\n\n### Limitation of Liability / 责任限制\n\n**Key Principles**:\n- Hadley v. Baxendale (1854): Established the foreseeability test for consequential damages - damages must be within the reasonable contemplation of the parties at the time of contracting\n- Limitation of liability clauses are generally enforceable but cannot disclaim liability for fraud, willful misconduct, or bodily injury\n- UCC § 2-719(3): Limitation of consequential damages for personal injury in consumer goods cases is prima facie unconscionable\n\n**Application**: When drafting liability caps, cite Hadley v. Baxendale principle to justify consequential damages exclusion. In comments: \"The exclusion of consequential damages is consistent with the established remoteness principle and industry standard practice.\"\n\n### Implied Covenant of Good Faith / 诚实信用默示义务\n\n**Key Principle**: Every contract contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205). A party cannot exercise contractual discretion in bad faith to deprive the other party of the benefit of the bargain.\n\n**Application**: When reviewing contracts with broad discretionary powers for one party, flag the good faith limitation. In comments: \"While this clause grants broad discretion, it remains subject to the implied covenant of good faith, which courts may invoke to limit abusive exercise.\"\n\n### Non-Compete Enforceability / 竞业限制效力\n\n**Key Variations**:\n- California: Non-competes generally unenforceable (Bus. & Prof. Code § 16600), except in limited sale-of-business context\n- New York: Enforceable if reasonable in scope, duration, and geography; must protect legitimate business interest\n- Delaware: Generally enforceable; Chancery Court applies reasonableness standard\n- FTC Non-Compete Rule developments (note: ongoing regulatory changes)\n\n**Application**: Always specify governing law state and tailor non-compete provisions accordingly. For California-governed contracts, use confidentiality and non-solicitation instead of non-compete.\n\n### Indemnification / 赔偿\n\n**Key Principles**:\n- Delaware: Indemnification obligations are strictly construed; anti-indemnity statutes exist in some contexts\n- New York: Indemnification for one's own negligence requires explicit, unequivocal language (General Obligations Law § 5-322.1 in construction context)\n- Duty to defend vs. duty to indemnify: Contractual duty to defend is broader and triggered by allegations, not proof\n\n## Hong Kong Contract Law Cases / 香港合同法案例\n\n### Contract Interpretation / 合同解释\n\n**Key Principles**:\n- Investors Compensation Scheme v. West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896 (adopted in HK): Objective meaning in context; background facts admissible for interpretation but not prior negotiations\n- HKSAR courts follow English law principles on contractual interpretation\n\n### Unfair Contract Terms / 不公平合同条款\n\n**Key Legislation**: Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Cap. 71):\n- Exemption clauses for negligence causing death/personal injury are void\n- Other exemption clauses must satisfy the \"reasonableness\" test\n- The burden of proving reasonableness is on the party seeking to rely on the clause\n\n**Application**: When reviewing contracts governed by HK law, assess exclusion clauses against Cap. 71 reasonableness test. In comments: \"This exemption clause must satisfy the reasonableness test under Cap. 71 of the Laws of Hong Kong. The current breadth of the exclusion may be challenged.\"\n\n### Arbitration & Enforcement / 仲裁与执行\n\n**Key Framework**:\n- Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 609): Based on UNCITRAL Model Law\n- Mainland-HK Arrangement on Mutual Enforcement of Arbitral Awards: HKIAC awards can be enforced in Mainland China and vice versa\n- Low threshold for enforcement; limited grounds for refusal (consistent with New York Convention)\n\n**Application**: When choosing dispute resolution for cross-border (PRC-foreign) transactions, HKIAC is a strong choice due to the reciprocal enforcement framework. In comments: \"HKIAC arbitration offers enforcement advantages in both Mainland China and internationally under the New York Convention.\"\n\n## Cross-Jurisdictional Comparison / 跨法域比较\n\n### Liquidated Damages / 违约金\n\n| Jurisdiction | Enforceability Standard | Key Risk |\n|---|---|---|\n| PRC | Adjustable if >130% of actual loss (Civil Code Art. 585) | Courts may reduce on application |\n| US | Must be reasonable pre-estimate; not a \"penalty\" (Restatement §356) | May be struck down if punitive |\n| HK | Penalty vs. liquidated damages test (Dunlop v. New Garage) | Penalty clauses unenforceable |\n\n### Non-Compete / 竞业限制\n\n| Jurisdiction | Duration | Compensation Required | Key Limitation |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| PRC | Max 2 years | Yes (≥30% of avg salary) | Limited personnel scope |\n| US (NY) | Reasonable (typically 1-2 years) | Not required | Must protect legitimate interest |\n| US (CA) | Not enforceable | N/A | Prohibited except sale-of-business |\n| HK | Reasonable | Not required | Must protect proprietary interest |\n\n### Trade Secret Protection / 商业秘密保护\n\n| Jurisdiction | Key Statute | Burden of Proof | Key Requirement |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| PRC | Anti-Unfair Competition Law Art. 9 | Shifted to defendant (prima facie) | \"Three elements\" test |\n| US | Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) + state UTSA | Plaintiff bears initial burden | Reasonable secrecy measures |\n| HK | Common law (breach of confidence) | Plaintiff | Information must have quality of confidence |\n\nFile v1.0.0:skill-card.md\n\n## Description:\n\nDeepLegal Chinese Contract helps agents draft, review, negotiate, and assess contracts across PRC, US, and Hong Kong contexts, including Chinese, English, and bilingual agreements with case-aware legal reasoning and DOCX review output.\n\nThis skill is ready for commercial/non-commercial use.\n\n## Publisher:\n\n[hekuangviolet-ai](https://clawhub.ai/user/hekuangviolet-ai)\n\n### License/Terms of Use:\n\nMIT-0\n\n## Use Case:\n\nExternal users and legal operations teams use this skill to review, draft, and negotiate Chinese, cross-border, and offshore contracts with practical legal risk assessment. The skill can produce contract review markup, clean drafts, negotiation positions, and concise supporting summaries.\n\n### Deployment Geography for Use:\n\nGlobal\n\n## Known Risks and Mitigations:\n\nRisk: Contracts and generated JSON or DOCX files may contain confidential deal terms or legal positions.\n\nMitigation: Use an isolated environment for sensitive matters, limit access to generated files, and delete temporary input files after document generation.\n\nRisk: Legal outputs may be incomplete, jurisdiction-specific, or unsuitable for reliance without professional review.\n\nMitigation: Have qualified counsel verify legal analysis, clause language, and final documents before using them in business decisions or negotiations.\n\nRisk: The DOCX generator depends on Python packages that must be installed in the execution environment.\n\nMitigation: Pin and audit the Python dependencies before installation or use.\n\n## Reference(s):\n\n- [ClawHub skill page](https://clawhub.ai/hekuangviolet-ai/skills/deeplegal)\n- [Legal Reference - Jurisdiction Guide](artifact/legal-reference.md)\n- [Key Litigation Cases & Judicial Precedents](artifact/litigation-cases.md)\n- [Standard Contract Clauses Reference](artifact/contract-clauses.md)\n\n## Skill Output:\n\n**Output Type(s):** [Text, Markdown, Code, Shell commands, Files, Guidance]\n\n**Output Format:** [Markdown guidance, JSON document-generation input, shell commands, and generated DOCX files]\n\n**Output Parameters:** [1D]\n\n**Other Properties Related to Output:** [May create local JSON and DOCX files containing contract text, legal comments, and deal terms.]\n\n## Skill Version(s):\n\n1.0.0 (source: release evidence)\n\n## Ethical Considerations:\n\nUsers should evaluate whether this skill is appropriate for their environment, review any generated or modified files before relying on them, and apply their organization's safety, security, and compliance requirements before deployment.","readmeExcerpt":"Skill: DeepLegal Chinese Contract Owner: hekuangviolet-ai Summary: [user] Business Legal Counsel / CLO level contract drafting, review, and legal risk assessment. Handles domestic Chinese contracts (中文), cross-border contrac... Tags: latest:1.0.0 Version history: v1.0.0 | 2026-04-22T06:42:20.593Z | user business-legal-counsel v1.0.0 – Initial release - Provides senior-level business legal counsel for contract draftin","codeSnippets":[],"executableExamples":[{"language":"text","snippet":"# Legal Risk Assessment Report / 法律风险评估报告\n\n## Overview / 概述\n[Transaction summary, parties, governing law, strategic context]\n\n## Applicable Legal Framework / 适用法律框架\n[Key laws, regulations, judicial interpretations applicable to this transaction]\n\n## Risk Matrix / 风险矩阵\n\n| # | Risk Item | Risk Level | Likelihood | Impact | Legal Basis | Clause Ref | Recommendation |\n|---|-----------|-----------|------------|--------|-------------|------------|----------------|\n| 1 | ...       | Critical/High/Med/Low | ... | ... | [Law/Case ref] | Art. X | ... |\n\n## Critical Risks (Deal-Breakers) / 关键风险（交易障碍）\n[Detail each critical risk with legal basis, case precedent, and recommended position]\n\n## High Risks (Require Hard Negotiation) / 高风险（需强硬谈判）\n[Detail with supporting case law and alternative positions]\n\n## Moderate Risks (Negotiation Points) / 中等风险（谈判要点）\n[Detail with practical commercial recommendations]\n\n## Low Risks (Awareness Items) / 低风险（知悉事项）\n[Brief notes for monitoring]\n\n## Regulatory Compliance Check / 合规检查\n[Check against Anti-Unfair Competition Law, Anti-Monopoly Law, PIPL, export controls, etc.]\n\n## Recommendations Summary / 建议摘要\n[Prioritized action items with business rationale]"},{"language":"json","snippet":"{\n  \"title\": \"Contract Title - Legal Review\",\n  \"author\": \"Legal Counsel\",\n  \"date\": \"2024-01-15\",\n  \"sections\": [\n    {\n      \"heading\": \"Article 1 Definitions\",\n      \"level\": 1,\n      \"content\": [\n        {\"type\": \"keep\", \"text\": \"1.1 Unchanged clause text that displays normally without any markup.\"},\n        {\"type\": \"replace\", \"original\": \"Old wording\", \"revised\": \"New wording\", \"comment\": \"Reason for change\"}\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"heading\": \"Article 2 Obligations\",\n      \"level\": 1,\n      \"content\": [\n        {\"type\": \"keep\", \"text\": \"2.1 Another unchanged clause.\"},\n        {\"type\": \"keep\", \"text\": \"2.2 More unchanged text.\"},\n        {\"type\": \"delete\", \"text\": \"2.3 Clause to be deleted entirely.\", \"comment\": \"Reason for deletion\"},\n        {\"type\": \"insert\", \"text\": \"2.4 New clause to add.\", \"comment\": \"Reason for addition\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}"},{"language":"bash","snippet":"python3 ~/.qoder/skills/business-legal-counsel/scripts/docx_generator.py review input.json output.docx"},{"language":"json","snippet":"{\n  \"title\": \"Service Agreement\",\n  \"author\": \"Legal Counsel\",\n  \"date\": \"2024-01-15\",\n  \"sections\": [\n    {\n      \"heading\": \"Article 1 Definitions\",\n      \"level\": 1,\n      \"content\": [\n        {\"type\": \"keep\", \"text\": \"1.1 \\\"Agreement\\\" means this Service Agreement...\"}\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}"},{"language":"bash","snippet":"python3 ~/.qoder/skills/business-legal-counsel/scripts/docx_generator.py draft input.json output.docx"},{"language":"text","snippet":"\"Affiliate\" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly Controls, is Controlled by, or is under common Control with such Person. \"Control\" means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise.\n\n\"Confidential Information\" means all non-public information disclosed by one Party to the other Party, whether orally, in writing, or by inspection, that is designated as confidential or that reasonably should be understood to be confidential given the nature of the information and the circumstances of disclosure.\n\n\"Intellectual Property\" means all patents, trademarks, service marks, trade names, copyrights, trade secrets, know-how, inventions, software, and other intellectual property rights, whether registered or unregistered.\n\n\"Trade Secrets\" means information that: (a) is not generally known to or readily ascertainable by persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; (b) has actual or potential economic value; and (c) is subject to reasonable measures to maintain its secrecy."}],"parameters":null,"dependencies":[],"permissions":[],"extractedFiles":[{"path":"SKILL.md","content":"---\nname: business-legal-counsel\ndescription: \"[user] Business Legal Counsel / CLO level contract drafting, review, and legal risk assessment. Handles domestic Chinese contracts (中文), cross-border contracts, and offshore international contracts in Chinese and English. Jurisdictions: PRC law (Civil Code, Company Law, Anti-Unfair Competition Law), US law (UCC, common law), Hong Kong law (common law, HK ordinances). Combines relevant laws, regulations, and litigation case precedents in contract analysis. Generates Word (.docx) files with track changes and persuasive margin comments for contract review markup. Use when user mentions contracts, legal review, contract drafting, legal risk assessment, NDA, agreement, 合同, 法律, 审核, 起草, 合同审查, 法务, legal negotiation, due diligence, 尽职调查, 风险评估, 条款谈判, 反不正当竞争, or any contract-related task.\"\n---\n\n# Enterprise Legal Counsel\n\n## Role & Perspective\n\nYou are a **senior partner at a top-tier international law firm** who concurrently serves as **Chief Legal Officer (CLO) of a major enterprise**. You combine two distinct mindsets:\n\n### Senior Partner Mindset\n- **Legal precision**: Every clause is drafted/reviewed with the rigor of defending it in litigation\n- **Case law awareness**: You reference relevant court decisions and arbitral awards when analyzing contractual risks, drafting defensive clauses, or justifying revisions\n- **Regulatory depth**: You apply not just the letter of the law but also judicial interpretations, regulatory guidance, and enforcement trends\n- **Industry patterns**: You draw on experience across hundreds of transactions to identify non-obvious risks and market-standard solutions\n- **Litigation foresight**: When drafting or reviewing, you anticipate how each clause would be interpreted and enforced in a dispute\n\n### CLO / Business Mindset\n- **Commercial pragmatism**: Legal recommendations must serve business objectives, not obstruct them\n- **Risk calibration with business judgment**: Categorize risks as (1) deal-breakers requiring hard positions, (2) negotiable risks requiring strategic concessions, and (3) acceptable risks that should not delay the deal\n- **Big-picture thinking (大格局)**: Consider the contract within the broader context of the business relationship, industry dynamics, regulatory environment, and long-term strategic goals\n- **Proportionality**: Match review rigor and negotiation intensity to deal value, strategic importance, and counterparty relationship\n- **Proactive protection**: Identify latent risks the business team hasn't considered, especially those arising from recent regulatory changes or emerging judicial trends\n\nYou NEVER give generic or overly conservative legal advice. You provide **specific, actionable, commercially-sensible guidance** that a sophisticated business leader can act on. Every recommendation must balance legal protection with commercial viability.\n\n## Case Law Integration Methodology\n\nA distinguishing feature of your work is the systematic integration of "},{"path":"_meta.json","content":"{\n  \"ownerId\": \"kn7ejnjf83n7x4v1nzge6wbe7584edjp\",\n  \"slug\": \"deeplegal\",\n  \"version\": \"1.0.0\",\n  \"publishedAt\": 1776840140593\n}"},{"path":"scripts/requirements.txt","content":"python-docx>=1.1.0\nlxml>=4.9.0"},{"path":"contract-clauses.md","content":"# Standard Contract Clauses Reference / 标准合同条款参考\n\n## Definitions Clause / 定义条款\n\n### English\n```\n\"Affiliate\" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly Controls, is Controlled by, or is under common Control with such Person. \"Control\" means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise.\n\n\"Confidential Information\" means all non-public information disclosed by one Party to the other Party, whether orally, in writing, or by inspection, that is designated as confidential or that reasonably should be understood to be confidential given the nature of the information and the circumstances of disclosure.\n\n\"Intellectual Property\" means all patents, trademarks, service marks, trade names, copyrights, trade secrets, know-how, inventions, software, and other intellectual property rights, whether registered or unregistered.\n\n\"Trade Secrets\" means information that: (a) is not generally known to or readily ascertainable by persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; (b) has actual or potential economic value; and (c) is subject to reasonable measures to maintain its secrecy.\n```\n\n### 中文\n```\n\"关联方\"是指直接或间接控制一方、受一方控制、或与一方共同受控制的任何实体。\"控制\"是指通过持有有表决权的证券、合同安排或其他方式，直接或间接拥有指导或决定一方管理和政策的权力。\n\n\"保密信息\"是指一方向另一方披露的所有非公开信息，无论以口头、书面或其他方式披露，且该等信息被标记为保密信息或根据信息的性质和披露的情形合理地应被理解为保密信息。\n\n\"知识产权\"是指所有专利权、商标权、服务标识、商号、著作权、商业秘密、技术诀窍、发明、软件及其他知识产权，无论是否已注册。\n\n\"商业秘密\"是指符合以下条件的信息：(a) 不为公众所知悉或不能轻易获取；(b) 具有实际或潜在的经济价值；(c) 权利人已采取合理保密措施。（参照《反不正当竞争法》第九条）\n```\n\n### Bilingual (中英对照)\n```\n\"Affiliate\" / \"关联方\" means, with respect to any Person, any other Person that directly or indirectly Controls, is Controlled by, or is under common Control with such Person. / 是指就任何一方而言，直接或间接控制该方、受该方控制或与该方共同受控制的任何其他主体。\n\n\"Control\" / \"控制\" means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or otherwise. / 是指通过持有有表决权的证券、合同安排或其他方式，直接或间接拥有指导或决定一方管理和政策的权力。\n```\n\n## Limitation of Liability / 责任限制\n\n### English (Balanced)\n```\nEXCEPT FOR A PARTY'S INDEMNIFICATION OBLIGATIONS, BREACH OF CONFIDENTIALITY OBLIGATIONS, INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, OR WILLFUL MISCONDUCT:\n\n(a) IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER PARTY FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOSS OF PROFITS, REVENUE, DATA, OR BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY, REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY.\n\n(b) EACH PARTY'S TOTAL AGGREGATE LIABILITY UNDER THIS AGREEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED THE TOTAL FEES PAID OR PAYABLE BY [CLIENT] TO [PROVIDER] DURING THE TWELVE (12) MONTH PERIOD IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE EVENT GIVING RISE TO THE CLAIM.\n```\n\n### 中文\n```\n除因一方故意或重大过失、违反保密义务、侵犯知识产权或违反反不正当竞争义务所导致的责任外：\n\n(a) 任何一方均不对另一方承担任何间接损失、附带损失、特殊损失、后果性损失或惩罚性赔偿责任，包括但不限于利润损失、收入损失、数"},{"path":"legal-reference.md","content":"# Legal Reference - Jurisdiction Guide / 法律参考 - 法域指南\n\n## PRC Law (中国法)\n\n### Primary Contract Legislation / 主要合同法律\n\n- **Civil Code (民法典)** 2021: Book III Contracts (合同编) is the core contract law\n  - Art. 464-988: General provisions, typical contracts, quasi-contracts\n  - Art. 470: Essential contract clauses (合同一般条款)\n  - Art. 496-498: Standard form contracts (格式条款) - provider must draw attention to exemption/limitation clauses; unfair standard terms void per Art. 497\n  - Art. 500-501: Pre-contractual liability (缔约过失责任) and pre-contractual confidentiality\n  - Art. 509: Good faith performance; supplementary obligations (通知、协助、保密)\n  - Art. 563-566: Statutory termination rights and consequences\n  - Art. 577-594: Breach of contract liability (违约责任)\n  - Art. 584: Damages: foreseeable loss principle (可预见性规则)\n  - Art. 585: Liquidated damages (约定违约金) - court may adjust if excessive (>130% of actual loss per judicial guidance) or insufficient\n  - Art. 590: Force majeure (不可抗力)\n  - Art. 591: Obligation to mitigate (减损义务)\n\n### Anti-Unfair Competition Law (反不正当竞争法) 2019 Revised\n\n**This is a critical statute for commercial contract practice.** Key provisions:\n\n- **Art. 6 - Confusion/Misappropriation (混淆行为)**:\n  - Unauthorized use of well-known trade names, packaging, trade dress\n  - Unauthorized use of others' domain names, website names\n  - Other acts sufficient to cause confusion with others' goods/services\n\n- **Art. 7 - Commercial Bribery (商业贿赂)**:\n  - Prohibition on providing property or other benefits to counterparty's employees, agents, or authorized representatives to secure competitive advantage\n  - Off-book benefits (账外暗中) presumed to be bribery\n  - Operator's liability for employees' bribery unless operator had no knowledge and did not condone\n\n- **Art. 8 - False Advertising (虚假宣传)**:\n  - False or misleading commercial promotions regarding quality, function, ingredients, origin, etc.\n  - Platform operators organizing false transactions or fabricating reviews\n  - Aiding others in false advertising\n\n- **Art. 9 - Trade Secret Misappropriation (侵犯商业秘密)**:\n  - Expanded definition of trade secrets: commercial, technical, or operational information meeting the \"three elements\" (秘密性、价值性、保密措施)\n  - Prohibited acts: theft, bribery, fraud, electronic intrusion, inducing breach of confidentiality\n  - Employee/former employee misappropriation: operators liable if they knew or should have known\n  - Burden shifting: once right holder establishes prima facie case (possession + similarity + access), alleged infringer must prove lawful source\n\n- **Art. 12 - Internet-Specific Unfair Competition (互联网不正当竞争)**:\n  - Inserting links or forcing redirects in others' network products without consent\n  - Misleading or forcing users to modify, close, or uninstall others' products\n  - Malicious incompatibility with others' network products\n  - Other acts disrupting normal operation of others' network products/services\n\n- **Remedies**: Injunction, damages (including punitive damages "}],"languages":[],"docsSourceLabel":"CLAWHUB","editorialOverview":"[user] Business Legal Counsel / CLO level contract drafting, review, and legal risk assessment. 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